Impact of the coronavirus pandemic on maxillofacial trauma: A retrospective study in southern Spain.

BACKGROUND: The coronavirus pandemic has impacted health systems worldwide, with Spain being one of the most affected countries. However, little is known about the extent to which the effects of staying home, social distancing, and quarantine measures have influenced the epidemiology of patients with maxillofacial trauma. The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of the coronavirus pandemic on the incidence, demographic patterns, and characteristics of maxillofacial fractures in the largest hospital in southern Spain. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Data from patients who underwent surgery for maxillofacial fractures during the first year of the pandemic between 16 March 2020 and 14 March 2021 (pandemic group) were retrospectively compared with a control group during the equivalent period of the previous year (pre-pandemic group). The incidence was compared by weeks and by lockdown periods of the population. Demographic information, aetioloy, fracture characteristics, treatment performed, and days of preoperative stay were evaluated. Descriptive and bivariate statistics were calculated (p<0.05). RESULTS: During the first year of the pandemic, there was a 35.2% reduction in maxillofacial fractures (n=59) compared to the pre-pandemic year (n=91, p=0.040). A significant drop was detected during the total home lockdown period of the population (p=0.028). In the pandemic group, there was a reduction in fractures due to interpersonal aggressions, an increase in panfacial fractures, a significant increase in other non-facial injuries associated with polytrauma (p=0.037), a higher number of open reduction procedures with internal fixation, and a significantly longer mean preoperative stay (p=0.016). CONCLUSIONS: The first pandemic year was associated with a decline in the frequency of maxillofacial trauma and a change in the pattern and characteristics of fractures. Inter-annual epidemiological knowledge of maxillofacial fractures may be useful for more efficient planning of resource allocation and surgical practice strategy during future coronavirus outbreaks and population lockdowns.

Oral health-related quality of life after dental treatment in patients with intellectual disability.

BACKGROUND: The influence of dental treatment on oral health-related quality of life (OHRQOL) has rarely been evaluated in patients with intellectual disability (ID) through validated questionnaires. The aim of this study was to estimate the changes on OHRQOL in patients with ID after the implementation of an institutional dental treatment program under general anesthesia using the Franciscan Hospital for Children Oral Health-Related Quality of Life questionnaire (FHCOHRQOL-Q). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A prospective longitudinal study was conducted on 85 patients (mean age=24.85 years) classified according to DSM-V whose parents/caregivers completed the FHC-OHRQOL-Q. We analyzed the changes in the questionnaire's overall score and its dimensions from pre-treatment to 12-months of follow-up, considering effect sizes and minimal important differences estimated by the standard measurement error. The impact of clinical and therapeutic factors was evaluated using univariate and multiple linear regression analysis (p<0.05). RESULTS: Significant improvement of OHRQOL was found after dental treatment in oral symptoms (p0.001), daily life problems (p=0.018), parent's perceptions (p=0.013) and FHCOHRQOL-Q´s overall score (p=0.001). OHRQOL changes exhibited an intermediate magnitude (0.38-0.21) as estimated by effect sizes. Changes in oral symptoms showed positive correlation with DMFT index (r=0.375, p=0.002), decayed teeth (r=0.244, p=0.036), dental extractions (r=0.424, p<0.001) and number of treatments (r=0.255, p=0.019). The improvement was greater in patients with 4 decayed teeth (p=0.049) and undergoing 2 dental extractions (p=0.002). Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that dental extractions (p<0.001) and DMFT index (p=0.028) were significantly related to oral symptom improvement. CONCLUSIONS: Dental treatment under general anesthesia showed a positive effect on the overall FHC-OHRQOL-Q score and most of its dimensions. At 12-months of follow-up, the improvement of oral symptoms was significantly associated with DMFT index, decayed teeth, dental extractions and number of treatments. In our clinical setting, the implementation of a dental treatment program enhanced the OHRQOL of patients with ID.

Validation of the Spanish version of the Franciscan Hospital for Children Oral Health-Related Quality of Life questionnaire.

BACKGROUND: The Franciscan Hospital for Children Oral Health-Related Quality of Life questionnaire (FHC-OHRQOL-Q) is an instrument designed specifically for parents and caregivers of patients with special needs that has not yet been applied in Spain. The aim of this study was to adapt it to Spanish and evaluate its reliability and validity in patients with intellectual disability (ID) treated under general anesthesia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was conducted in two different stages: a) cross-cultural adaptation of the original questionnaire, and b) cross-sectional study on 100 parents and caregivers who completed the piloted FHC-OHRQOL-Q. The patients were examined according to the WHO methodology. Dental treatments performed were recorded. Statistical tests were used to evaluate reliability (internal consistency) and validity (content, criterion, construct and discriminant) of the instrument. RESULTS: The mean age was 24 years (range=4-71 years). The most frequent causes of ID were psychomotor retardation (25%) and cerebral palsy (24%). The items most frequently answered by parents and caregivers were eating and nutrition problems (80%) and bad breath/taste (57%). Reliability (Cronbach's alpha coefficient) was considered excellent (alpha=0.80-0.95). The analysis of the factorial validity yielded similar results to the original questionnaire. The high response rate of items (>96%) allowed content validity. Criterion validity was confirmed by a significant correlation with questions on oral health and oral well-being. Discriminant validity was demonstrated by the significant association of ≥21.5 years of age with worse oral symptoms (p=0.034) and parental concerns (p=0.005), DMFT index ≥3 with daily life problems (p=0.02), ≥4 decayed teeth with daily life problems (p=0.001), and >2 dental extractions with oral symptoms (p=0.000), daily life problems (p=0.002) and parent's perceptions (p=0.043). CONCLUSIONS: The FHC-OHRQOL-Q in Spanish is a reliable and valid instrument to apply in clinical practice to evaluate the impact of OHRQOL in mostly adult patients with ID, accessible to Spanish-speaking parents and caregivers.

Preventive dental management of osteonecrosis of the jaws related to zoledronic acid treatment.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of preventive dental management on reducing the incidence and delaying the onset of bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ) in patients treated with intravenous zoledronic acid (ZA). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This single-center clinical study included 255 patients with cancer monitored over a 6-year period. Patients received dental treatment prior to (group A) or after (group B) the initiation of ZA therapy. Dental treatments performed, incidence proportion (IP), and incidence rate (IR) in both groups were analyzed using significance tests. BRONJ onset was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier estimator and log-rank test. Independent risk factors to develop BRONJ were evaluated using Cox regression analysis models. RESULTS: Thirty-seven patients suffered from BRONJ (IP = 14.5%), 7.3% in group A and 36.5% in group B (p = .000). The IR was 0.007 patients/month in group B and 0.004 in group A. BRONJ-free survival at 3 years was 97% in group A and 66% in group B. Survival curves were significant (p = .056) according to log-rank test. Multivariate Cox models showed that dental extractions (p = .000) were significant. CONCLUSIONS: BRONJ occurred significantly in patients who underwent dental extractions after the initiation of ZA and did not accomplish a preventive dental program.

Assessment of pre and postoperative anxiety in patients undergoing ambulatory oral surgery in primary care.

BACKGROUND: To analyze the pre- and postoperative anxiety level in patients undergoing ambulatory oral surgery (AOS) in a primary healthcare center (PHC). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective and descriptive clinical study on 45 patients who underwent AOS procedures in the dental clinic of a public PHC of Spain between April and September 2015. Anxiety analysis was carried out with pre- and postoperative anxiety-state (STAI-S), anxiety-trait (STAI-T) and dental anxiety (MDAS) questionnaires. A descriptive, inferential and binary logistic regression analysis were performed for the variables age, sex, educational level, previous experience of oral treatment, type of oral surgery, degree of third molar impaction, surgical time, intraoperative complications, postoperative complications, and pain score with a visual analogue scale (VAS). RESULTS: The majority were female (57.8%) with a mean age of 33.5±9.6 years. The most frequent procedure was the lower third molar removal (82.2%). The mean pain score on the VAS was 1.6±1.8. The incidence of complications was low (7.8%). There was a statistically significant association between post- and preoperative anxiety (r=0.56, p<0.001) and a correlation between pain score and postoperative anxiety (Rho= -0.35, p=0.02). The likelihood of postoperative anxiety was related to preoperative anxiety (OR=1.3, p=0.03). CONCLUSIONS: AOS in a PHC is safe and should be more encouraged in the public primary care. The emotional impact on users was relatively low, highlighting that the preoperative anxiety levels were higher than the postoperative ones. Psychological factors related to pre- and postoperative anxiety should be considered in the AOS carried out in PC.

Assessment of quality of life of oral cancer survivors compared with Spanish population norms.

This study evaluated the quality of life (QL) of patients who survived oral cancer more than 5 years after treatment, using the Short-Form 36 questionnaire (SF-36), and assessed the impact of factors influencing QL compared with the Spanish population norms. 60 oral cancer patients (65.41 years; 49 males) with cancer-free survival after surgery of >5 years were enrolled. The outcomes of every dimension of the SF-36 questionnaire in every patient were compared with those of a reference Spanish population. Females had statistically significant negative differences in the dimensions of role-emotional, social functioning and vitality. Patients under 65 years had statistically significant negative differences in the dimensions of physical functioning and general health. In the other variables analysed the differences between groups were only clinically relevant. The QL of patients with oral cancer who survive more than 5 years, when assessed with the SF-36 questionnaire, presented similar values to those of the general population, even exceeding these reference values in some dimensions. It is necessary to evaluate QL in the long-term since patients may need a long time to recover from the disease, and to complement QL assessment with other specific questionnaires.

Osteonecrosis de los maxilares asociada al uso de bifosfonatos: revisión de ocho casos / Bisphosphonate-related jaw osteonecrosis: review of eight cases

Introducción: A finales de 2003 se comienzan a publicar en forma creciente los primeros casos de exposición ósea en los maxilares con evolución tórpida, asociados al uso de bifosfonatos por vía intravenosa. Estos fármacos son usados en pacientes con osteoporosis, mieloma múltiple, hipercalcemia maligna y cáncer de pulmón, mama y próstata, principalmente por su capacidad de inhibir la resorción ósea. Material y método: Estudio prospectivo de los pacientes en el Hospital Virgen Macarena que presentaban lesiones maxilares asociadas al uso de bifosfonatos desde el año 2006 hasta la actualidad. Las variables que valoramos en el paciente son: sexo, edad, tratamiento con bifosfonatos, inicio de la osteonecrosis, relación con tratamientos dentales, tratamiento realizado y evolución. Resultados: Se estudiaron 8 pacientes con osteonecrosis maxilar secundaria a tratamiento con bifosfonatos intravenosos u orales por su patología previa oncológica u osteoporótica que fueron tratados según su estadio clínico-radiológico con antibioterapia, legrado y/o exéresis del secuestro según el caso. Presentamos los resultados con un seguimiento mínimo de 15 meses. Conclusiones: El aumento en la incidencia de la osteomielitis maxilar en los pacientes asociados al uso de bifosfonatos y la dificultad para su tratamiento hacen necesario establecer pautas terapéuticas estandarizadas. En nuestra experiencia, el tratamiento conservador basado en la antibioterapia además del legrado de la zona bajo anestesia local permite el control y la curación del proceso en algunos de los pacientes con OMRB grado II(AU)

Background: In late 2003, an increasing number of case reports began to appear on bone exposure of the jaw with a torpid evolution in association with intravenous bisphosphonate use. Bisphosphonates are used to inhibit bone resorption in patients with osteoporosis, multiple myeloma, hypercalcemia of malignancy, lung cancer, breast cancer and prostate cancer. Material and methods: A prospective study was made of patients from Hospital Virgen Macarena who presented bisphosphonate associated jaw lesions from 2006 to the present. The patient variables examined were: sex, age, bisphosphonate treatment, onset of osteonecrosis and its relation to dental treatment, treatment, and outcome. Results: Eight patients with osteonecrosis of the jaw secondary to treatment with intravenous or oral bisphosphonates for oncologic or osteoporotic pathology were treated according to their clinical and radiological findings with antibiotics and curettage and/or excision of sequestered bone, as needed. Results with a minimum follow up of 15 months are reported. Conclusions: The increased incidence of maxillary osteomyelitis in patients treated with bisphosphonates and the difficulty of treatment make it necessary to establish standard therapeutic guidelines. In the authors' experience, conservative treatment based on antibiotic therapy and/or curettage of the area under local anesthesia can adequately control and resolve the process in some patients with stage II BRJO(AU)

Telemedicina en cirugía maxilofacial / Telemedicine in maxillofacial surgery

En nuestra especialidad el cáncer oral, debido a su elevada mortalidad,así como otras patologías de menor gravedad pero de gran morbilidady presión asistencial como la cirugía oral y la patología de la articulacióntemporomandibular, nos obligan a minimizar las demoras optimizandolos recursos de que disponemos. Dentro de estos recursos, la aplicaciónde las nuevas tecnologías a la medicina se está imponiendo en todaslas especialidades. Entre estas nuevas tecnologías, está adquiriendo un papelprotagonista la telemedicina. Creemos que ésta nos puede servir como sistemaóptimo y eficaz de cribado y derivación de pacientes desde atenciónprimaria (AP) hasta el nivel hospitalario. En el presente artículo describimostodos los detalles relacionados con el desarrollo, la utilización y las ventajasde una teleconsulta como herramienta integrante de una unidad degestión clínica para el proceso diagnóstico y terapéutico de la patología dela articulación temporomandibular valorando de esta forma su aplicabilidaden otros ámbitos de la cirugía oral y maxilofacial(AU)

There is a group of pathologies that tolerate little delayand require optimal use of the resources available to us in our dailywork as oral and maxillofacial surgeons. For instance, oral cancerhas a high mortality and other pathologies, which otherwise arenot serious, have a high morbidity and care burden, e.g., oral surgeryand temporomandibular joint dysfunction.Among these resources, the use of new technologies in medicinehas become routine practice in every specialty. Among thesetechnologies, telemedicine is becoming prominent. We believe thattelemedicine could be an optimal system for screening patientsfor referral from primary care to hospitals. The development, use,and advantages of teleconsultation as a tool used in a clinicalmanagement unit for the diagnosis and treatment oftemporomandibular joint disorders is described. The potential useof teleconsultation in other fields of oral and maxillofacial surgeryis evaluated(AU)

Reconstruccion de defectos de la region geniana mediante colgajos y suspensiones musculares / Reconstruction of defects in the genian region with flaps and muscle suspension

Presentamos tres pacientes con defectos genianos complejos,que fueron reconstruidos mediante tres combinaciones diferentes decolgajos cutáneos y suspensiones dinámicas de músculo temporal.Los defectos comprendían amplias pérdidas de piel y musculatura facial,pudiendo incluir o no la mucosa geniana.En dos de los casos se trataba de una lesión indurada a nivel geniano conhistología compatible con dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, que no habíanrecibido ningún tratamiento previo. En el otro paciente se trataba deun carcinoma epidermoide, intervenido en dos ocasiones y que había recibidoradioterapia.Para la reconstrucción del defecto cutáneo usamos el colgajo libre compuestoradial, un colgajo de rotación cervicofacial y un colgajo de músculotemporal.Todos los pacientes curaron sin complicaciones y los resultados estéticos yfuncionales fueron buenos(AU)

We present three patients whose genian complex defectswere reconstructed with several cutaneous flaps and dynamicsuspension of the temporal muscle.Complex genian defects are those that involve major skin and facialmuscle loss, which can also include genian mucous or not.Two cases involved a nodular lesion in the genian region with biopsyreports that indicated dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, withoutprevious treatment; the other patient had an epidermoide carcinoma,which had been operated twice, and she had received radiotherapy.For the cutaneous reconstruction a composite free radial forearmflap, a cervicofacial flap and a temporal muscle flap were used.Primary healing with no complications was achieved in all patientstogether with good aesthetic and functional results(AU)

Melanoma cutáneo facial con gánglio centinela en región parotídea. Revisión de la literatura / Cutaneous melanoma of the face with sentinel node in parotid region. Revision of the literature

Introducción. La parótida es primer escalón ganglionar en ladiseminación regional de los melanomas cutáneos de región frontal, orbitariay nasal. Aunque la linfografía se ha convertido en una prueba diagnósticaestándar en el estudio del melanoma, no está exenta de inconvenientes.Material y método. Presentamos el caso de un paciente con melanomafrontal y ganglios centinela parotídeos y discutimos las particularidades,ventajas y desventajas de la técnica en dicha región.Conclusiones. Aunque se ha demostrado que la afectación del ganglio centinelaes el factor predictor más importante de recurrencia y supervivencia,creemos que es una técnica en estudio cuyo efecto en la supervivenciadebe ser demostrado frente a la alternativa de seguimiento clínico yque por tanto debe indicarse en casos seleccionados con mayor probabilidadde metástasis(AU)

Introduction. The parotid gland is the first lymphnode echelon in the regional dissemination of frontal, orbitaland nasal cutaneous melanomas. Although the lymphoscintigraphyhas been become a standard diagnostic technique forstudying melanomas, it is not exempt of inconveniences.Material and methods. We present the case of a patient withfrontal melanoma and sentinel nodes in the parotid region, andwe discuss the peculiarities, advantages and disadvantages ofusing this technique in this region.Conclusions. Although it has been proved that an affected sentinellymph node is the most important prognostic factor forrecurrence and survival, we believe that this is a technique understudy, and that its influence on survival should be demonstratedwith regard to the alternative of clinical monitoring. It shouldtherefore be indicated in specific cases with greater probabilitiesof metastases(AU)

Tratamiento de la osteomielitis esclerosante difusa con roxitromicina a largo plazo: a propósito de un caso / Long-term roxithromycin treatment for diffuse sclerosing osteomyelitis: a case report

La osteomielitis esclerosante difusa (OED) es una enfermedad de etiología desconocida, con dificultades para el diagnóstico y tratamiento ya que la literatura existente al respecto es confusa, con un gran desconocimiento respecto a su causa y evolución natural. Existen de dos teorías para explicar su origen:Infecciosa: difícil de confirmar mediante los datos bacteriológicos. Hiperplasia ósea derivada de una tendoperiostitis crónica, por una disfunciónmuscular y hábitos parafuncionales. Se caracteriza por dolor recurrente y tumefacción hemimandibular, aunquepuede presentar otras localizaciones, acompañada habitualmente de trismus, presión y parestesia y adenopatías regionales, cursa de forma episódica.El tratamiento de la OED es complejo, debido a que se han intentado múltiples terapias sin que ninguna haya dado un resultado satisfactorio a largo plazo.Tras revisar el tema, a propósito de un caso clínico, recomendamos roxitromicina a largo plazo como una línea de tratamiento a tener en cuenta en la OED por la eficacia que viene demostrando y los tolerables efectossecundarios, si bien cada caso debido a la complejidad de la enfermedad debe ser revisado individualmente, pero teniendo en cuenta esta opción terapéutica

Diffuse sclerosing osteomyelitis (DSO) is a disease of unknown etiology which is difficult to diagnose and treat as the literature available on the subject is confused, and there is a considerable lack of knowledge with regards to what causes it and its naturalevolution. There are two theories explaining its origin.One suggests an infectious origin, but this is difficult to confirm by means of bacteriological data. The other suggests an osseous hyperplasia origin derived from chronic tendoperiostitis as a result of muscular dysfunction and parafunctional habits. The disease ischaracterized by recurrent pain and hemimandibular tumefaction, although it can present in other locations. It is accompanied normally by trismus, pressure and paresthesia and regional adenopathy. It has an episodic clinical course.Treating DSO is complex due to the fact that many therapies have been tried but with no long-term success. After reviewing the subject as a result of a clinical case, we recommend considering roxithromycinin the long term as a line of treatment for DSO in view of its efficacy and its tolerable secondary effects. Needless to say, each case should be reviewed individually given the complexity of the disease, while taking into account this therapeutic option

La artroscopia en el daño interno de la ATM: resultados clínicos de un estudio prospectivo / Arthroscopy for the internal derangement of TMJ: clinical outcome from a prospective evaluation

Objetivos. El síndrome disfunción témporomandibular (SDTM) es un cuadro clínico multifactorial, ante el cual se preconiza un tratamiento escalonado en función de su gravedad. Nuestro objetivo es valorar la eficacia del tratamiento artroscópico mediante lisis y lavado en un grupo homogéneo de pacientes diagnosticados de SDTM según parámetros clínicoradiológicos. Diseño del estudio. Realizamos un estudio prospectivo de 22 articulaciones (13 pacientes), con el diagnóstico de daño articular interno, tratadas mediante lisis y lavado artroscópico entre febrero de 1996 y abril de 2001.Antes y después del tratamiento, así como durante el seguimiento (rango: 12-63 meses, media: 27 meses) se valoraron el dolor, MAO, movilidad en protrusiva y laterotrusiva, ruidos, y RM. Resultados. Realizamos un estudio estadístico descriptivo de las variables continuas, comparando los valores pre y posquirúrgicos con el test de Wilcoxon y Mc Nemar demostrando mejoría significativa a lo largo del seguimiento. Con el test de la U de Man Whitney se comparó el dolor y la MAO entre los estadios tempranos y tardíos de la enfermedad, siendo la mejoría significativamente mayor para los estadios tempranos. Los hallazgos radiológicos de la RM al año mejoraron en el 27 por ciento (estadios II-III de Wilkes). Según los criterios de Murakami obtuvimos una tasa de éxito del 23 por ciento, y resultado satisfactorio en el 77 por ciento. Conclusiones. El lavado y lisis articular es una técnica útil y efectiva para el SDTM, tanto en los estadíos tempranos como tardíos de la enfermedad, mejorando significativamente el dolor, MAO, protrusión, laterotrusión y los ruidos articulares. La mejoría de la apertura interincisal con la lisis y lavado artrocópico es mayor en los estadíos tempranos de la enfermedad (AU)

Ameloblastic carcinoma of the maxilla: a report of 3 cases.

Odontogenic carcinomas of the maxilla are classified as malignant ameloblastoma, ameloblastic carcinoma or primary intraosseous carcinoma. The term 'ameloblastic carcinoma' is used to describe those ameloblastomas in which there is histological evidence of malignancy in the primary, recurrent or metastatic tumour. Three cases of ameloblastic carcinoma with an unusual location in the maxilla are presented here. Histologically, the lesions were characterized by typical zones of ameloblastoma as well as zones with anaplastic transformation. The authors review the literature describing the clinical and histological presentation and the treatment of this rare tumour.

[Small cell carcinoma of the parotid gland. A case report]. / Carcinoma de células pequeñas de glándula parótida. A propósito de un caso.

A case of small-cell carcinoma (SCC) of the parotid gland in an 82-year-old woman is reported. SCC arising in major salivary glands are extremely rare. By immunohistochemical study, this case was classified as a small-cell carcinoma with neuroendocrine differentiation. These neoplasms seem to have a far better prognosis than those arising from the bronchial tree. Treatment is mainly local and regional surgery with complementary radiotherapy.

[Acute mediastinitis with fatal outcome secondary to odontogenic infection]. / Mediastinitis aguda de evolución fatal secundaria a infección odontógena.

This article describes a patient who developed a deep neck and mediastinal infection that was initiated by a odontogenic infection. The history of the patient's illness and the surgical procedures are reviewed and the anatomic and microbial considerations of deep neck infections are discussed. Despite antibiotic therapy, cervicomediastinal drainage, tracheostomy and treatment for septic shock, the patient expired.